Details: These Geekbench 3 benchmarks are in 32-bit mode and are for a single processor core and all processor cores, respectively. Both numbers reflect an average of user provided results as submitted to the. Higher numbers are better.
You also might be interested in reviewing single core and multicore Geekbench 3 user submissions for Macs with the MacBookPro9,1 Model Identifier, which may include. To dynamically compare 32-bit Geekbench 3 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's. Details: These Geekbench 3 benchmarks are in 64-bit mode and are for a single processor core and all processor cores, respectively. Both numbers reflect an average of user provided results as submitted to the. Higher numbers are better.
You also might be interested in reviewing single core and multicore Geekbench 3 user submissions for Macs with the MacBookPro9,1 Model Identifier, which may include. To dynamically compare 64-bit Geekbench 3 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's. Details: These Geekbench 4 benchmarks are are for a single processor core and all processor cores, respectively. All Geekbench 4 benchmarks are 64-bit. Both numbers reflect an average of user provided results as submitted to the. Higher numbers are better. You also might be interested in single core and multicore Geekbench 4 user submissions for Macs with the MacBookPro9,1 Model Identifier, which may include.
To dynamically compare Geekbench 4 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's. Details: This model is powered by a 22 nm, 64-bit Intel Mobile Core i7 'Ivy Bridge' (I7-3615QM) processor which includes four independent processor 'cores' on a single silicon chip. Each core has a dedicated 256k level 2 cache, shares 6 MB of level 3 cache, and has an integrated memory controller (dual channel). This system also supports 'Turbo Boost 2.0' - which 'automatically increases the speed of the active cores' to improve performance when needed (up to 3.3 GHz for this model) - and 'Hyper Threading' - which allows the system to recognize eight total 'cores' or 'threads' (four real and four virtual). Also see: fast are the 'Mid-2012' 13-Inch and 15-Inch MacBook Pro models compared to one another? How fast are they compared to the models each replaced?
2.2GHz 6-core Intel Core i7, Turbo Boost up to 4.1GHz, with 9MB shared L3 cache. And preproduction 2.6GHz 6-core Intel Core i7-based 15-inch MacBook Pro systems with 16GB of RAM and 512GB SSD. Testing conducted by Apple in May 2017 using preproduction 2.3GHz dual-core Intel Core i5-based 13-inch MacBook Pro systems with.
Details:.Starting February 13, 2013, this model additionally could be custom configured with a 2.6 GHz Core i7 (I7-3720QM) or 2.7 GHz Core i7 (I7-3740QM) processor for an extra US$200 or US$450, respectively. The 2.6 GHz Core i7 (I7-3720QM) processor has a 6 MB level 3 cache and supports 'Turbo Boost 2.0' up to 3.6 GHz and 'Hyper Threading' with four 'virtual cores' or 'threads.' The 2.7 GHz Core i7 (I7-3820QM) processor has an 8 MB level 3 cache and supports 'Turbo Boost 2.0' up to 3.7 GHz as well as 'Hyper Threading' with eight virtual cores or 'threads.' As requested by readers, EveryMac.com also has documented these configurations as separate models. Details: 4 GB of RAM is installed as two 2 GB modules, no slots free.Apple officially supports a maximum of 8 GB of RAM, but third-parties have determined that this model actually is capable of using up to 16 GB of RAM with two 8 GB memory modules. In the US (and many other countries), site sponsor sells memory - as well as other upgrades - for. In the UK, site sponsor sells memory and other upgrades for.
In Australia, site sponsor sells memory and other upgrades for. In Southeast Asia, site sponsor sells memory and other upgrades for. Details:.This system has dual graphics processors - a NVIDIA GeForce GT 650M with 512 MB of dedicated GDDR5 SDRAM and Intel HD Graphics 4000 with memory shared with the system. The system automatically switches between graphics systems based on use (when applications use OpenGL, Core Graphics or other graphically demanding technologies, the system will use the dedicated graphics card, otherwise it will use Intel HD Graphics to conserve battery life). Also see: type of video processor is provided by the 'Unibody' MacBook Pro models?
Is it upgradable? Which models have 'dedicated' and 'integrated' video memory? Details: By default, this model has a 15.4' color widescreen LED-backlit TFT active-matrix 'glossy' display with a 1440 by 900 native resolution. However, it also is available via custom configuration with a 'high-resolution glossy' 1680x1050 display and a 'high-resolution antiglare' 1680x1050 display each for an additional US$100.
In addition to the native resolution, Apple reports that the default display also supports '1280 by 800, 1152 by 720, 1024 by 640, and 800 by 500 pixels at 16:10 aspect ratio; 1024 by 768, 800 by 600, and 640 by 480 pixels at 4:3 aspect ratio; 1024 by 768, 800 by 600, and 640 by 480 pixels at 4:3 aspect ratio stretched; 720 by 480 pixels at 3:2 aspect ratio; 720 by 480 pixels at 3:2 aspect ratio stretched.' In the US, site sponsor sells Apple OEM parts. Apple parts available include display panels, logic boards, graphics cards, interior cables and sensors, and more for. In Spain, site sponsor provides affordable repair and data recovery services. In-person and by mail repair services include the display, battery, keyboard, motherboard, and more for. Worldwide, site sponsor sells quality, brand new, factory-direct parts with global shipping and bulk discounts for repair shops. Replacement parts include displays, keyboards, trackpads, speakers, cameras, and more for.
Details: By custom configuration, this model originally could be equipped with a 750 GB 5400 RPM or 7200 RPM hard drive for an additional US$100 or US$150, respectively, a 1 TB hard drive or 128 GB SSD for an additional US$200, a 256 GB SSD for an additional US$500, or a 512 GB SSD for an additional US$1000. On February 13, 2013, Apple lowered the prices on the 256 GB and 512 GB SSD to an additional US$400 and US$700, respectively. Also see: do you upgrade the hard drive or SSD in the 'Mid-2012' 13-Inch and 15-Inch MacBook Pro models?
What type of storage do these models support? In the US (and many other countries), site sponsor sells storage upgrades for. In the UK, site sponsor sells storage upgrades for. In Australia, site sponsor sells storage upgrades for.
In Southeast Asia, site sponsor sells storage upgrades for. Details: Apple reports that this slot-loading 'SuperDrive' (DVD±R DL/DVD±RW/CD-RW) has a maxium write speed of '8x DVD-R, DVD+R; 4x DVD-R DL (double layer), DVD+R DL (double layer), DVD-RW, DVD+RW; 24x CD-R; 10x CD-RW' and a maximum read speed of '8x DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-ROM; 6x DVD-ROM (double layer DVD-9), DVD-R DL (double layer), DVD+R DL (double layer), DVD-RW, and DVD+RW; 24x CD'.
Site sponsor offers a 'Data Doubler' mounting kit that may be of interest. It makes it simple to install a second hard drive or SSD in the optical drive bay of. Details: This model has an SDXC card slot. No expansion bays are provided. In the US (and many other countries), site sponsor sells a wide variety of external expansion options and accessories, including docking stations, adapters, input devices, cases, and more for. In Australia, site sponsor offers an extensive selection of external expansion options and accessories like docks, stands, chargers, cases, security products, and more for.
Also see: SD Card storage solution is best for the Retina Display MacBook Pro? Which models are compatible? Is this type of storage safe?
Details:.This system fully supports the last version of OS X 10.8 'Mountain Lion.' OS X 10.9 'Mavericks', and OS X 10.10 'Yosemite' as well as OS X 10.11 'El Capitan' with the exception of the 'Power Nap' feature. It is capable of running macOS Sierra (10.12) as well, although it does not support the Auto Unlock feature.
This model is capable of running macOS High Sierra (10.13), and it supports HEVC (High-Efficiency Video Coding), but it does not support hardware accelerated HEVC. This model is compatible with the current macOS Mojave (10.14), as well. Also see: Macs are compatible with macOS Mojave (10.14)? What are the system requirements? Are 32-bit apps compatible?
In, x86 virtualization refers to for the. It allows multiple to simultaneously share processor resources in a safe and efficient manner.
In the late 1990s x86 virtualization was achieved by complex software techniques, necessary to compensate for the processor's lack of virtualization support while attaining reasonable performance. In 2006, both and introduced limited hardware virtualization support that allowed simpler virtualization software but offered very few speed benefits. Greater hardware support, which allowed substantial speed improvements, came with later processor models. Contents. Software-based virtualization The following discussion focuses only on virtualization of the x86 architecture. In protected mode the operating system kernel runs at a higher privilege such as 0, and applications at a lower privilege such as ring 3. In software-based virtualization, a host OS has direct access to hardware while the guest OSs have limited access to hardware, just like any other application of the host OS.
One approach used in x86 software-based virtualization to overcome this limitation is called ring deprivileging, which involves running the guest OS at a ring higher (lesser privileged) than 0. Three techniques made virtualization of protected mode possible:. is used to rewrite in terms of ring 3 instructions certain ring 0 instructions, such as, that would otherwise fail silently or behave differently when executed above ring 0,: 3 making the classic impossible.: 1 To improve performance, the translated need to be cached in a coherent way that detects (used in for instance), the reuse of pages by the guest OS, or even. A number of key data structures used by a processor need to be.
Because most operating systems use, and granting the guest OS direct access to the would mean loss of control by the, some of the work of the x86 MMU needs to be duplicated in software for the guest OS using a technique known as shadow page tables.: 5: 2 This involves denying the guest OS any access to the actual page table entries by trapping access attempts and emulating them instead in software. The x86 architecture uses hidden state to store in the processor, so once the segment descriptors have been loaded into the processor, the memory from which they have been loaded may be overwritten and there is no way to get the descriptors back from the processor. Shadow descriptor tables must therefore be used to track changes made to the descriptor tables by the guest OS. I/O device emulation: Unsupported devices on the guest OS must be emulated by a that runs in the host OS. These techniques incur some performance overhead due to lack of MMU virtualization support, as compared to a VM running on a natively virtualizable architecture such as the IBM.: 10: 17 and 21 On traditional mainframes, the classic hypervisor was self-standing and did not depend on any operating system or run any user applications itself. In contrast, the first x86 virtualization products were aimed at workstation computers, and ran a guest OS inside a host OS by embedding the hypervisor in a kernel module that ran under the host OS (type 2 hypervisor).
There has been some controversy whether the x86 architecture with no hardware assistance is virtualizable as described. Researchers pointed out in a 2006 paper that the above techniques made the x86 platform virtualizable in the sense of meeting the three criteria of Popek and Goldberg, albeit not by the classic trap-and-emulate technique.: 2–3 A different route was taken by other systems like, and, known as, which involves operating systems to run on the resulting virtual machine, which does not implement the parts of the actual x86 instruction set that are hard to virtualize.
The paravirtualized I/O has significant performance benefits as demonstrated in the original '03 Xen paper. The initial version of did not allow for a software-only full virtualization due to the lack of segmentation support in, which made the protection of the hypervisor's memory impossible, in particular, the protection of the trap handler that runs in the guest kernel address space.: 11 and 20 Revision D and later 64-bit AMD processors (as a rule of thumb, those manufactured in 90 nm or less) added basic support for segmentation in long mode, making it possible to run 64-bit guests in 64-bit hosts via binary translation. Intel did not add segmentation support to its x86-64 implementation , making 64-bit software-only virtualization impossible on Intel CPUs, but Intel VT-x support makes 64-bit hardware assisted virtualization possible on the Intel platform.: 4 On some platforms, it is possible to run a 64-bit guest on a 32-bit host OS if the underlying processor is 64-bit and supports the necessary virtualization extensions. Hardware-assisted virtualization. CPU AMD developed its first generation virtualization extensions under the code name 'Pacifica', and initially published them as AMD Secure Virtual Machine (SVM), but later marketed them under the trademark AMD Virtualization, abbreviated AMD-V. On May 23, 2006, AMD released the Athlon 64 , the Athlon 64 X2 and the Athlon 64 FX as the first AMD processors to support this technology. AMD-V capability also features on the and family of processors with revisions 'F' or 'G' on, and 2nd generation and third-generation, and processors.
The processors support AMD-V. AMD-V is not supported by any Socket 939 processors. The only which support it are. AMD Opteron CPUs beginning with the Family 0x10 Barcelona line, and Phenom II CPUs, support a second generation hardware virtualization technology called (formerly known as Nested Page Tables during its development), later adopted by Intel as (EPT). The for AMD-V is 'svm'.
This may be checked in via or and in via /proc/. Intel virtualization (VT-x). (Bloomfield) CPU Previously codenamed 'Vanderpool', VT-x represents Intel's technology for virtualization on the x86 platform. On November 13, 2005, Intel released two models of Pentium 4 (Model 662 and 672) as the first Intel processors to support VT-x. The CPU flag for VT-x capability is 'vmx'; in Linux, this can be checked via /proc/cpuinfo, or in via sysctl machdep.cpu.features. 'vmx' stands for Virtual Machine Extensions, which adds ten new instructions: VMPTRLD, VMPTRST, VMCLEAR, VMREAD, VMWRITE, VMCALL, VMLAUNCH, VMRESUME, VMXOFF, and VMXON.
These instructions permit entering and exiting a virtual execution mode where the guest OS perceives itself as running with full privilege (ring 0), but the host OS remains protected. As of 2015, almost all newer server, desktop and mobile Intel processors support VT-x, with some of the processors as the primary exception.
With some, users must enable Intel's VT-x feature in the setup before applications can make use of it. Intel started to include (EPT), a technology for page-table virtualization, since the architecture, released in 2008. In 2010, added support for launching the logical processor directly in – a feature called 'unrestricted guest', which requires EPT to work. Since the microarchitecture (announced in 2013), Intel started to include VMCS shadowing as a technology that accelerates of VMMs.
The virtual machine control structure (VMCS) is a in memory that exists exactly once per VM, while it is managed by the VMM. With every change of the execution context between different VMs, the VMCS is restored for the current VM, defining the state of the VM's virtual processor. As soon as more than one VMM or nested VMMs are used, a problem appears in a way similar to what required shadow page table management to be invented, as described. In such cases, VMCS needs to be shadowed multiple times (in case of nesting) and partially implemented in software in case there is no hardware support by the processor. To make shadow VMCS handling more efficient, Intel implemented hardware support for VMCS shadowing.
VIA virtualization (VIA VT) 3000 Series Processors and higher support VIA VT virtualization technology compatible with Intel VT. Interrupt virtualization (AMD AVIC and Intel APICv) In 2012, AMD announced their Advanced Virtual Interrupt Controller ( AVIC) targeting interrupt overhead reduction in virtualization environments. This technology, as announced, does not support. In 2016, AVIC is available on the AMD family 15h models 6Xh (Carrizo) processors and newer.
Also in 2012, Intel announced a similar technology for interrupt and virtualization, which did not have a brand name at its announcement time. Later, it was branded as APIC virtualization ( APICv) and it became commercially available in the series of Intel CPUs, which is sold as Xeon E5-26xx v2 (launched in late 2013) and as Xeon E5-46xx v2 (launched in early 2014). Graphics processing unit Graphics Virtualization Technology (Intel GVT-d, GVT-g and GVT-s) Graphics Virtualization Technology was introduced with.
Intel's integrated GPU can be either dedicatedly assigned to a virtual machine (GVT-d), shared between multiple virtual machines on a time-sharing basis while using native graphics driver (GVT-g), or shared between multiple virtual machines by using a virtual graphics driver (GVT-s). See also: An input/output memory management unit (IOMMU) allows guest to directly use devices, such as Ethernet, accelerated graphics cards, and hard-drive controllers, through and remapping. This is sometimes called PCI passthrough. An IOMMU also allows operating systems to eliminate bounce buffers needed to allow themselves to communicate with peripheral devices whose memory address spaces are smaller than the operating system's memory address space, by using memory address translation.
At the same time, an IOMMU also allows operating systems and hypervisors to prevent buggy or malicious hardware from. Both AMD and Intel have released their IOMMU specifications:. AMD's I/O Virtualization Technology, 'AMD-Vi', originally called 'IOMMU'. Intel's 'Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O' (VT-d), included in most high-end (but not all) and newer Intel processors In addition to the CPU support, both and system firmware ( or ) need to fully support the IOMMU I/O virtualization functionality for it to be usable. Only the or devices supporting function level reset (FLR) can be virtualized this way, as it is required for reassigning various between virtual machines.
If a device to be assigned does not support (MSI), it must not share with other devices for the assignment to be possible. All devices routed behind a PCI/-to-PCI Express bridge can be assigned to a guest virtual machine only all at once; PCI Express devices have no such restriction. Network virtualization (VT-c). Intel's 'Virtualization Technology for Connectivity' (VT-c). PCI-SIG Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) PCI-SIG Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) provides a set of general (non-x86 specific) I/O virtualization methods based on (PCIe) native hardware, as standardized by PCI-SIG:. Address translation services (ATS) supports native IOV across PCI Express via address translation. It requires support for new transactions to configure such translations.
(SR-IOV or SRIOV) supports native IOV in existing single-root complex PCI Express topologies. It requires support for new device capabilities to configure multiple virtualized configuration spaces. Multi-root IOV (MR-IOV) supports native IOV in new topologies (for example, blade servers) by building on SR-IOV to provide multiple root complexes which share a common PCI Express hierarchy. In SR-IOV, the most common of these, a host VMM configures supported devices to create and allocate virtual 'shadows' of their configuration spaces so that virtual machine guests can directly configure and access such 'shadow' device resources. With SR-IOV enabled, virtualized network interfaces are directly accessible to the guests, avoiding involvement of the VMM and resulting in high overall performance; for example, SR-IOV achieves over 95% of the network bandwidth in 's virtualized datacenter and in the. See also.